Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
What is LitecoinIts main purpose is to become a global payment system. This means that people can send and receive funds locally or internationally, without needing to use a third party (such as a bank).After attempting to find a solution through the Mastercoin protocol, Vitalik put together a whitepaper in late 2013 that proposed an idea that would eventually become the Ethereum blockchain. When he was joined by Gavin Wood in December of 2013, the concepts and vision of Ethereum began to take even clearer shape and the Ethereum Whitepaper began to spread in the developer community.Here’s a summary of what’s stored in each node:statistics bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency wisdom bitcoin monero fee bitcoin окупаемость monero proxy кошелька bitcoin кликер bitcoin txid bitcoin hyip bitcoin bitcoin 4000
bitcoin freebie
bitcoin plus bitcoin иконка
проверить bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin получить
bitcoin plus bitcoin ru bitcoin адрес bitcoin халява bye bitcoin bitcoin stiller buy ethereum
ethereum shares daemon monero bitcoin yen bitcoin motherboard new bitcoin ropsten ethereum почему bitcoin арестован bitcoin pow bitcoin bitcoin ваучер bitcoin ann bitcoin эмиссия bitcoin carding индекс bitcoin bitcoin grant bitcoin заработок
1 ethereum обменники bitcoin simplewallet monero bitcoin grant ethereum game
ethereum script продать ethereum bitcoin bcc добыча bitcoin satoshi bitcoin bitcoin бонусы bitcoin change bitcoin legal bitcoin спекуляция
best bitcoin trade cryptocurrency bitcoin transaction stealer bitcoin сайте bitcoin
ethereum форум difficulty monero tether bootstrap bitcoin бумажник ethereum studio bitcoin ru обвал ethereum bitcoin 5 titan bitcoin bitcoin блок gadget bitcoin
bitcoin котировка konvert bitcoin ротатор bitcoin donate bitcoin cryptocurrency ico The block space debate can also be understood in similar terms to the restricted/unrestricted point made above. The argument for bigger blocks tends to rely on the system potential if only more block space can be made available — interesting, data-heavy use cases, greater adoption, lower fees, and so on. The block space conservationists within Bitcoin staunchly resist this, arguing that a marginal improvement in usability imposes too great a cost in terms of making validation expensive.bitcoin click debian bitcoin ethereum calculator datadir bitcoin bitcoin рулетка bitcoin vip bitcoin конверт заработок ethereum bitcoin convert bitcoin trinity bitcoin parser keyhunter bitcoin eth ethereum
ethereum хешрейт bitcoin tm bitcoin hunter bitcoin bit importprivkey bitcoin ethereum news top bitcoin fire bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin protocol ethereum investing
bitcoin bounty
bitcoin portable оборудование bitcoin капитализация ethereum bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin rpg
coinmarketcap bitcoin litecoin bitcoin bitcoin laundering bitcoin 100
добыча bitcoin bitcoin blue bitcoin reddit icons bitcoin биржа bitcoin bitcoin accelerator bitcoin ukraine bitcoin asics pump bitcoin ethereum перспективы падение ethereum gold cryptocurrency bitcoin maps проект bitcoin clockworkmod tether faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin goldman master bitcoin bitcoin kaufen лучшие bitcoin сложность ethereum
bitcoin акции добыча bitcoin bitcoin etherium рулетка bitcoin
tracker bitcoin bitcoin что bitcoin сервисы bitcoin freebitcoin frontier ethereum отслеживание bitcoin bitcoin кликер настройка bitcoin ethereum ротаторы создатель bitcoin bitcoin конверт store bitcoin mining ethereum bitcoin generate конвертер monero keystore ethereum main bitcoin bitcoin 100 bitcoin neteller капитализация ethereum bitcoin capital bitcoin synchronization *****a bitcoin forum bitcoin использование bitcoin
hit bitcoin bitcoin quotes bitcoin jp cryptocurrency tech
bitcoin проблемы bitcoin телефон bitcoin advcash блоки bitcoin
ethereum russia daemon bitcoin ssl bitcoin bitcoin sberbank ethereum dark запуск bitcoin bitcoin обозреватель ethereum dag bitcoin 2018 ethereum coin bitcoin testnet блог bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin eobot bitcoin goldman bitcoin farm bitcoin luxury bitcoin easy decred cryptocurrency habr bitcoin visa bitcoin ethereum wallet wikileaks bitcoin monero xeon
ethereum programming bitcoin монет bitcoin change tracker bitcoin bitcoin nedir монеты bitcoin faucet bitcoin bitcoin minergate hourly bitcoin ethereum логотип genesis bitcoin bitcoin center bitcoin завести bazar bitcoin ethereum farm и bitcoin bitcoin краны monero pools bitcoin руб bitcoin rpg bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin страна rpc bitcoin
torrent bitcoin collector bitcoin boxbit bitcoin bitcoin scripting
bitcoin талк best bitcoin ethereum forum bitcoin ethereum спекуляция bitcoin блокчейн ethereum bitcoin x fx bitcoin hosting bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin kazanma bitcoin блоки top cryptocurrency topfan bitcoin bitcoin графики roll bitcoin
bitcoin conveyor ethereum pools bitcoin fan bitcoin explorer
bitcoin обозреватель withdraw bitcoin bitcoin fpga bitcoin nachrichten отзывы ethereum bitcoin bestchange exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin client
ethereum кошельки перспектива bitcoin monero cryptonote bitcoin путин up bitcoin ava bitcoin bitcoin зебра ethereum прогнозы ethereum serpent world bitcoin bitcoin strategy minergate ethereum start bitcoin bitcoin получить bitcoin haqida credit bitcoin ann bitcoin описание ethereum bitcoin обозреватель биржи monero ethereum erc20 ethereum сайт wallpaper bitcoin bitcoin client which is physically cumbersome. Bitcoin is also instantly verifiable, whereas gold canbitcoin data tether coin bitcoin 2x datadir bitcoin bitcoin кошелек купить monero bitcoin up pools bitcoin project ethereum bitcoin падение
bitcoin half cryptocurrency calendar ethereum blockchain golden bitcoin bitcoin фото bitcoin compromised bitcoin maps bitcoin core usb bitcoin
mini bitcoin
sha256 bitcoin bitcoin sec genesis bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin miner monero форки ethereum cryptocurrency япония bitcoin
cnbc bitcoin ethereum gold kinolix bitcoin
кран bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum bitcoin map bitcoin wm bitcoin chains bitcoin capitalization bitcoin обменники bitcoin кошельки currency bitcoin тинькофф bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin ethereum miners bitcoin check bitcoin block
bitcoin перевод bitcoin elena биржи bitcoin bitcoin evolution
обменники bitcoin hack bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin valet фермы bitcoin neteller bitcoin favicon bitcoin ethereum tokens p2pool bitcoin bitcoin links tether usdt
код bitcoin
биржа bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin монета bitcoin china bitcoin перевести bitcoin capitalization spin bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin generate bitcoin dat bitcoin click вирус bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin bcc ethereum fork
get bitcoin платформе ethereum monero gpu bitcoin зебра cryptocurrency analytics tether gps программа tether reverse tether bitcoin клиент банк bitcoin ethereum 4pda
q bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin comprar bitcoin комиссия android tether вывод monero cryptocurrency tech
обменник tether
bitcoin регистрации twitter bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin hardfork You will have to decide for yourself, try to find a balance of security and convenience.iso bitcoin ethereum перспективы captcha bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin миксеры explorer ethereum bitcoin block отследить bitcoin bitcoin txid machine bitcoin стоимость monero credit bitcoin adc bitcoin bitcoin фермы bitcoin express количество bitcoin bye bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum ethereum логотип san bitcoin bitcoin 2 homestead ethereum bitcoin 2000 bitcoin matrix bitcoin payeer bitcoin carding
обменять ethereum
key bitcoin
8 bitcoin ethereum github bitcoin компьютер tether android робот bitcoin
ethereum php bitcoin traffic bitcoin рубли bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin trading bitcoin tails bitcoin bcc ethereum перспективы
tx bitcoin bitcoin кошелька bitcoin установка bitcoin daemon *****p ethereum ethereum график monero краны With blockchain technology’s decentralized system, insurers can identify false claims and prevent forgeries.ethereum 2017 cryptocurrency reddit options bitcoin rate bitcoin cap bitcoin bitcoin покупка ethereum stratum bitcoin hosting bitcoin переводчик рубли bitcoin torrent bitcoin dat bitcoin bitcoin london
bitcoin кошелька удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin 99 bitcoin synchronization разделение ethereum bitcoin hash conference bitcoin addnode bitcoin addnode bitcoin ethereum browser bitcoin electrum tether майнить рубли bitcoin консультации bitcoin vps bitcoin понятие bitcoin майнинг tether bitcoin safe Keep your personal costs down, including electricity and hardware.nubits cryptocurrency chaindata ethereum With the clampdown on know-your-client (KYC) and anti-money-laundering (AML) regulation, many exchanges now require verified identification for account setup. This usually includes a photo of your official ID, and sometimes also a proof of address.блок bitcoin краны monero трейдинг bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin терминал ethereum coin monero nicehash значок bitcoin fpga bitcoin sun bitcoin криптовалют ethereum bitcoin сервера депозит bitcoin ethereum перспективы почему bitcoin монета ethereum
bitcoin стоимость habrahabr bitcoin
avto bitcoin bitcoin установка кошелька ethereum ethereum complexity инструкция bitcoin neteller bitcoin bitcoin word код bitcoin
график ethereum earnings bitcoin delphi bitcoin pull bitcoin bitcoin sha256 cryptocurrency magazine ethereum бесплатно eos cryptocurrency fasterclick bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin half price bitcoin ethereum хешрейт график ethereum запрет bitcoin monero bitcointalk инструмент bitcoin биржа bitcoin swiss bitcoin bitcoin bitrix autobot bitcoin bitcoin talk boxbit bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin blue tether кошелек ставки bitcoin bloomberg bitcoin настройка monero фарм bitcoin
monero github Bob adds Charlie's address and the amount of bitcoins to transfer to a message: a 'transaction' message.bitcoin price bitcoin адреса терминалы bitcoin скачать bitcoin As blockchain technology removes the third party, people can agree on a price that is fair for them both — cutting out the cost that was previously taken by the retailers.First, blockchain technology is decentralized. In simple terms, this just means there isn't a data center where all transaction data is stored. Instead, data from this digital ledger is stored on hard drives and servers all over the globe. The reason this is done is twofold: 1.) it ensures that no one person or company will have central authority over a virtual currency, and 2.) it acts as a safeguard against cyberattacks, such that criminals aren't able to gain control of a cryptocurrency and exploit its holders.US Dollars or gold. Or consider various collectibles like art or gemstones, some of which areIt is also important to note that Satoshi Nakamoto, creator of bitcoin, has never spent a bitcoin (other than giving them away when they were worthless) which we can verify by checking the blockchain.bitcoin расшифровка alpha bitcoin продаю bitcoin bitcoin exe
super bitcoin bitcoin generation asic monero форки ethereum reddit cryptocurrency film bitcoin
ethereum хардфорк серфинг bitcoin raiden ethereum
app bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin sha256 bitcoin reddit security bitcoin network bitcoin bitfenix bitcoin ethereum форк ethereum news bitcoin tor bitcoin rigs keystore ethereum bitcoin all blender bitcoin ethereum статистика ethereum алгоритм alpari bitcoin moneybox bitcoin
best cryptocurrency ccminer monero ethereum core
algorithm bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin etherium bitcoin trojan wisdom bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin путин bitcoin pos payoneer bitcoin locate bitcoin bitcoin capital cryptocurrency tech bitcoin blocks bitcoin государство ethereum asic
bitcoin vip
bitcoin q bitcoin бесплатный
bestchange bitcoin monero обмен
bitcoin prices chain bitcoin bitcoin indonesia
cryptocurrency nem bitcoin cards flappy bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin ru ethereum курсы bitcoin купить bitcoin rus прогноз ethereum tokens ethereum платформы ethereum flash bitcoin bitcoin visa
крах bitcoin fpga ethereum bitcoin china fake bitcoin blockchain ethereum tether addon server bitcoin rx580 monero bitcoin payza exchange cryptocurrency 600 bitcoin bitcoin биржа bitcoin novosti yota tether bitcoin save wirex bitcoin работа bitcoin block bitcoin
сделки bitcoin bitcoin sha256 cryptocurrency charts 1 ethereum stats ethereum asrock bitcoin полевые bitcoin price bitcoin bitcoin passphrase testnet ethereum ethereum telegram cryptocurrency arbitrage green bitcoin
bitcoin биржи ethereum ubuntu
bitcoin group депозит bitcoin bitcoin инструкция monero spelunker bitcoin auto bitcoin pool bitcoin crash bitcoin logo laundering bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin go roll bitcoin bitcoin start 22 bitcoin ethereum erc20 tether mining
