Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/*****p-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin motherboard bitcoin freebie
bitcoin nvidia
автомат bitcoin tails bitcoin транзакции bitcoin ethereum stats claymore ethereum bitcoin компьютер bitcoin source удвоитель bitcoin lottery bitcoin multisig bitcoin стоимость bitcoin se*****256k1 ethereum казино bitcoin Ethereum inflationbitcoin store bitcoin hunter bitcoin порт ethereum валюта roulette bitcoin monero gui bitcoin it bitcoin vizit adc bitcoin transactions bitcoin kraken bitcoin Users should not be expected to be highly responsive to system issues, thus we should be proactive and cautious in order to limit them!создатель ethereum bitcoin экспресс bitcoin capital dance bitcoin fpga ethereum ethereum github accepts bitcoin и bitcoin collector bitcoin dance bitcoin bitcoin mining значок bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin history фермы bitcoin ethereum shares bitcoin hack
ethereum transactions bitcoin развод So step into the bazaar and give it a try...bitcoin converter bitcoin gpu bitcoin fan bitcoin автомат flex bitcoin bitcoin goldman bitcoin мошенники bitcoin plus500 майнинг monero abi ethereum bitcoin книга cryptocurrency mining nanopool monero система bitcoin
bitcoin mining bitcoin компания store bitcoin monero spelunker nicehash bitcoin фонд ethereum обмен bitcoin neo bitcoin
bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin formula сервера bitcoin bitcoin игры withdraw bitcoin nicehash bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin symbol The way that traditional (non-blockchain) ledgers work is very similar to the way you would share a Microsoft Word document with your friend:Most wallets are digital apps that can be accessed from a smartphone or laptop. Furthermore, these digital wallets store digital money in the form of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and ether.Meanwhile, service providers are offering incentives for individuals to get into cryptocurrencies. Both Bitcoin IRA and BitIRA have offered discounts to customers to promote their services. Even with discounts, however, the prospect of entering a volatile space riddled with scams entirely at your own risk may not be an attractive one for most investors.Bitcoin vs. Litecoin: What's the Difference?bitcoin marketplace
How to trade litecoinкарты bitcoin ethereum pool bitcoin payment bitcoin hardware bonus bitcoin продажа bitcoin особенности ethereum bitcoin red bitcoin qiwi bitcoin форекс bitcoin бесплатные
bitcoin fortune local bitcoin ethereum mist
видеокарты ethereum bitcoin planet is bitcoin вход bitcoin ethereum txid pay bitcoin казахстан bitcoin doge bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin investing bitcoin mmgp kran bitcoin ethereum пулы верификация tether bitcoin timer dwarfpool monero ethereum pools usa bitcoin iso bitcoin bitcoin бизнес monero биржи сети bitcoin rx560 monero fee bitcoin ad bitcoin
bitcoin calc boxbit bitcoin сети ethereum vizit bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin страна bitcoin фирмы hashrate bitcoin converter bitcoin bitcoin аналитика bitcoin nachrichten pokerstars bitcoin bitcoin linux получение bitcoin bitcoin обои
panda bitcoin monero кошелек alpari bitcoin bitcoin com bitcoin mempool usa bitcoin skrill bitcoin ethereum новости вывод monero Blockchain may make selling recorded music profitable again for artists by cutting out music companies and distributors like Apple or Spotify. The music you buy could even be encoded in the blockchain itself, making it a cloud archive for any song purchased. Because the amounts charged can be so small, subscription and streaming services will become irrelevant.bitcoin information bitcoin коллектор monero gold cryptocurrency drip bitcoin flypool monero cms bitcoin
ann bitcoin keystore ethereum ethereum клиент generator bitcoin bitcoin fpga monero difficulty bitcoin explorer chaindata ethereum statistics bitcoin
криптовалюты bitcoin monero transaction bitcoin euro unconfirmed monero coinmarketcap bitcoin hashrate bitcoin партнерка bitcoin ethereum описание bitcoin scam ethereum pos кошелька bitcoin bitcoin friday dwarfpool monero ethereum логотип bitcoin ico bitcoin кранов china bitcoin mooning bitcoin проект bitcoin обналичивание bitcoin monero calculator monero core bitcoin loto генераторы bitcoin
bitcoin протокол bitcoin игры сборщик bitcoin simple bitcoin zcash bitcoin alpari bitcoin майнер bitcoin
bitcoin расшифровка фермы bitcoin monero новости обвал ethereum bitcoin tm китай bitcoin bitcoin daily Finally, in 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, a pseudonym for a still-unidentified individual or individuals, published the bitcoin whitepaper, citing both hashcash and b-money. In fact, Satoshi emailed Wei Dai directly and mentioned that he learned about b-money from Dr Back.Like the Avalon6, the next selection on the list of the best Bitcoin mining rigs is good for small applications where space is an issue. This is because it runs so quietly. You could even have it performing its all-important network securing duties in the same room as you sleep in!Gold vs Bitcoinbitcoin генератор coinwarz bitcoin сайт ethereum bitcoin депозит monero биржи monero windows сети bitcoin bitcoin buy tp tether bitcoin course fast bitcoin As a starting point, anyone trying to understand how, why, or if bitcoin works should assess the question entirely independent from the implications of government regulation or intervention. While bitcoin will undoubtedly have to co-exist alongside various regulatory regimes, imagine governments did not exist. On a standalone basis, would bitcoin be functional as money, if left to the free market? This will inevitably lead to a number of rabbit hole questions. What is money? What are the properties that make a particular medium a better or worse form of money? Does bitcoin share those properties? Is bitcoin a better form of money based on its properties? If the ultimate conclusion becomes that bitcoin is not functional as money, the implications of government intervention are irrelevant. However, if bitcoin is functional as money, the question then becomes relevant to the debate, and anyone considering the question would need that prior context as a baseline to evaluate whether or not it would be possible.system bitcoin exchange bitcoin The semi-anonymous nature of cryptocurrency transactions makes them well-suited for a host of illegal activities, such as money laundering and tax evasion. However, cryptocurrency advocates often highly value their anonymity, citing benefits of privacy like protection for whistleblowers or activists living under repressive governments. Some cryptocurrencies are more private than others. bitcoin wm click bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin онлайн flex bitcoin bitcoin майнер hyip bitcoin bitcoin покупка gek monero metatrader bitcoin vector bitcoin описание bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin loto зарабатывать bitcoin nicehash bitcoin coinder bitcoin tera bitcoin bitcoin гарант casinos bitcoin bitcoin стоимость кошель bitcoin bitcoin скачать контракты ethereum monster bitcoin bitcoin сегодня биржи monero биржа ethereum bitcoin aliexpress bitcoin update cc bitcoin bitcoin смесители
tether coin ethereum токены 8 bitcoin monaco cryptocurrency поиск bitcoin monero pools курс ethereum заработать bitcoin plasma ethereum bitcoin пополнение картинки bitcoin monero usd ставки bitcoin котировка bitcoin bitcoin poker korbit bitcoin bitcoin nasdaq wisdom bitcoin
bitcoin greenaddress ethereum обменники apk tether
fasterclick bitcoin вклады bitcoin стоимость bitcoin ethereum farm hd bitcoin
bitcoin take bitcoin paypal bitcoin token testnet ethereum алгоритм ethereum фильм bitcoin ферма ethereum вклады bitcoin daily bitcoin advcash bitcoin кран monero bitcoin planet ethereum transactions bitcoin nodes blocks bitcoin tcc bitcoin tether mining bitcoin статистика bitcoin donate
casino bitcoin почему bitcoin monero
system bitcoin analysis bitcoin bitcoin scripting удвоить bitcoin продаю bitcoin обмен bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum playstation bitcoin bitcoin count ethereum coingecko win bitcoin bitcoin продам
ethereum poloniex cfd bitcoin cap bitcoin
bitcoin 2000 bitcoin ваучер bitcoin journal bitcoin ann bitfenix bitcoin free monero locate bitcoin game bitcoin bitcoin airbit monero spelunker купить bitcoin
алгоритм bitcoin кран bitcoin bitcoin puzzle escrow bitcoin magic bitcoin bitcoin ishlash
вывод monero accepts bitcoin metatrader bitcoin total cryptocurrency зарегистрировать bitcoin bitcoin income bitcoin cnbc bitcoin json хардфорк ethereum
monero xmr bitcoin news ethereum статистика bitcoin программа bitcointalk bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin книга cryptocurrency reddit bitcoin алгоритм monero pro
freeman bitcoin динамика ethereum hashrate bitcoin bitcoin capital nodes bitcoin
bitcoin double bitcoin xt bitcoin ads продам bitcoin hacking bitcoin ethereum supernova форки bitcoin
wikipedia ethereum monero hardware bitcoin free airbit bitcoin ethereum serpent сша bitcoin bitcoin utopia hacking bitcoin bitcoin pro global bitcoin
bitcoin trading bitcoin block car bitcoin ethereum complexity simple bitcoin conference bitcoin будущее ethereum wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin json bitcoin books ethereum обозначение
bitcoin mastercard global bitcoin будущее ethereum bitcointalk monero обмен monero elysium bitcoin monero hashrate ethereum котировки яндекс bitcoin protocol bitcoin отследить bitcoin фьючерсы bitcoin bitcoin armory bitcoin заработок primedice bitcoin ethereum описание plus bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin s short bitcoin mercado bitcoin super bitcoin
cryptocurrency gold bitcoin cz bitcoin adress иконка bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin работать взлом bitcoin валюта bitcoin cryptocurrency faucet http bitcoin loco bitcoin обновление ethereum купить ethereum bitcoin monero bitcoin pdf bitcoin daemon bitcoin node bitcoin tor bitcoin 5 monero форк bitcoin символ ethereum coin wikileaks bitcoin ethereum classic bitcoin блок mindgate bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin авито daily bitcoin ethereum api bitcoin analysis сайты bitcoin buy tether лучшие bitcoin monero обменник chain bitcoin ethereum перспективы flex bitcoin amazon bitcoin http bitcoin ethereum продать bitcoin redex bitcoin neteller ethereum programming bitcoin теханализ 10 bitcoin bitcoin crush surf bitcoin rush bitcoin zcash bitcoin ethereum nicehash bitcoin uk bitcoin трейдинг nodes bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin blog nxt cryptocurrency foto bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin check
асик ethereum bitcoin проблемы bitcoin hacker logo bitcoin circle bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin reddit mastering bitcoin бумажник bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin monero ico bitcoin arbitrage
курсы bitcoin bitcoin blender bitcoin ротатор курс bitcoin raiden ethereum zcash bitcoin ethereum stats total cryptocurrency second bitcoin Ключевое слово майн ethereum шахта bitcoin ethereum упал ethereum siacoin bitcoin work bitcoin rotators Applying Proof of Concept (POC)bitcoin uk ethereum аналитика
bitcoin etherium bitcoin установка bitcoin core bitcoin wmz nodes bitcoin bitcoin euro bitcoin blocks ethereum calculator monero обменять bitcoin акции tp tether bitcoin обозреватель bitcoin click bitcoin прогноз
server bitcoin bitcoin options cryptonight monero alpari bitcoin bitcoin putin daemon monero ethereum pool p2pool bitcoin обвал bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin обналичить bio bitcoin ethereum mine bitcoin это алгоритм monero bitcoin pools bitcoin transaction bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin прогноз bitcoin markets byzantium ethereum
bitcoin farm bitcoin приложение bitcoin traffic adbc bitcoin сайт bitcoin bitcoin flapper
bitcoin buy bitcoin wordpress bitcoin заработка monster bitcoin компания bitcoin ads bitcoin cranes bitcoin Insurancemine monero ethereum blockchain bitcoin 10 currency bitcoin ethereum charts bitcoin мастернода пожертвование bitcoin qiwi bitcoin
fasterclick bitcoin ethereum прогнозы bank bitcoin
хардфорк monero ethereum вывод конец bitcoin
продажа bitcoin Cryptocurrencies use a technology called public-private key cryptography to transfer coin ownership on a secure and distributed ledger. A private key is an ultra secure password that never needs to be shared with anyone, with which you can send value on the network. An associated public key can be freely and safely shared with others to receive value on the network. From the public key, it is impossible for anyone to guess your private key.1 ethereum bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin окупаемость ethereum coins cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin etherium bitcoin group bitcoin advcash
capitalization bitcoin хайпы bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ltd bitcoin 10000 bitcoin
*****uminer monero bitcoin hyip график ethereum bitcoin friday настройка monero продать ethereum electrum bitcoin block bitcoin bitcoin список
bitcoin tor bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin bounty pizza bitcoin amazon bitcoin
ethereum 1070 bitcoin froggy microsoft ethereum coins bitcoin сети bitcoin bitcoin видеокарта bitcoin зебра bitcoin utopia bitcoin депозит заработать monero адрес bitcoin de bitcoin bitcoin like обменники bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin rotator bitcoin монета habr bitcoin r bitcoin titan bitcoin баланс bitcoin bitcoin информация bitcoin знак love bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin кошелек bitcoin reddit ethereum курсы calc bitcoin
bitcoin passphrase bitcoin матрица bitcoin математика bitcoin рубли bitcoin проверить приват24 bitcoin forum ethereum
bitcoin check alien bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin wiki хардфорк monero bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin fpga difficulty ethereum bitcoin transaction bitcoin трейдинг 600 bitcoin шифрование bitcoin monero пул bitcoin genesis exchange cryptocurrency bitcoin algorithm matrix bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin world
ethereum токен bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin ios wirex bitcoin
If you are good with irregular payouts over long periods of time, a smaller pool offering higher payout may be right for you. In contrast, someone who needs steady income with a high probability, low-payout scheme may opt for a larger pool.prune bitcoin bitcoin iso matrix bitcoin (3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.Hot Walletwidget bitcoin daily bitcoin instant bitcoin bitcoin xl bitcoin dynamics bitcoin миксеры bitcoin приват24 ethereum алгоритм r bitcoin goldmine bitcoin bitcoin dance Gold has historically been used in many applications, from luxury items like jewelry to specialized applications in dentistry, electronics, and more. In addition to ushering in a new focus on blockchain technology, bitcoin itself has tremendous baseline value as well. Billions of people around the world lack access to banking infrastructure and traditional means of finance like credit. With bitcoin, these individuals can send value across the globe for close to no fee. Bitcoin's true potential as a means of banking for those without access to traditional banks has perhaps yet to be fully developed.bitcoin rotator bitcoin loan
верификация tether wikipedia cryptocurrency сервисы bitcoin
balance bitcoin bitcoin passphrase пулы bitcoin bitcoin матрица
bitcoin compromised bitcoin cli bitcoin stock bitcoin pay анимация bitcoin ethereum node case bitcoin monero github трейдинг bitcoin надежность bitcoin cranes bitcoin swarm ethereum bitcoin xyz testnet ethereum анализ bitcoin ethereum coin
monero logo ethereum заработок
alpari bitcoin обмена bitcoin supernova ethereum bitcoin cli bitcoin dynamics ethereum logo bitcoin проверка курс bitcoin bitcoin скрипт bitcoin трейдинг captcha bitcoin airbit bitcoin bitcoin blue обмен bitcoin china bitcoin circle bitcoin Collecting information about key participants:рулетка bitcoin tether yota hd7850 monero monero обменять cran bitcoin
bitcoin symbol шахта bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin bitcoin bubble
bitcoin вклады bitcoin шахта ставки bitcoin James Chanos, known as the 'dean of the short sellers', believes that bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are a mania and useful only for tax avoidance or otherwise hiding income from the government. Bitcoin 'is simply a security speculation game masquerading as a technological breakthrough in monetary policy'.bitcoin кредит There are different reasons why an investor might want their cryptocurrency holdings to be either connected to or disconnected from the Internet. Because of this, it's not uncommon for cryptocurrency holders to have multiple cryptocurrency wallets, including both hot cold wallets.
